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Regardless of the low response rate,
this process yielded a convenience sample of 19 Travel Agents in Karachi [Best
Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies
in Multan for best services agencies that clearly stood out as self-reporting
strong performers when compared against the assessment of negative gross sales
and revenues for the sector as a whole over that period (personal
communication, ASTA executives). As further revealed in Table 1, the sample is
diverse in terms of size and geographical location (see above). In-depth
interviews were conducted with top executives from each of these agencies
during the first half of 2006.
TABLE 1 Characteristics of
Participating Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for
best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel
agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services
Agencies.
Interviews
and Grounded Theory :
The semi-structured interviews took
place in the work environment of the agencies and averaged one hour. With
permission, all interviews were recorded to expedite communication and
facilitate post-interview analysis. Topics were sent to the owners in advance
and focused on a SWOT analysis, with the opportunities and threats components
being applied to the sector as a whole rather than just the target agency. The
strengths, applied to each individual agency, are reported in Weaver and Lawton
(2008) and referred to below as warranted.
Underlying the study both conceptually
and methodologically is grounded theory, which harbors no preconceived notions
about the relevant threats and opportunities, but allows theory to emerge from
the interview data as it is systematically collected and analyzed (Glaser &
Strauss, 1967, Glaser, 1998). Grounded theory methods yield ‘thick description’
of the target topic, building the theory through a successive process of open
coding (i.e., identifying basic categories and subcategories), axial coding
(i.e., identifying apparent relationships among the categories and
subcategories) and selective coding (i.e., identifying core themes and their
relationship to the categories) as the interviewing process continues.
If the 19 scheduled interviews did not
produce theoretical saturation, then the authors were prepared to identify
additional candidate agencies through laddering (i.e., asking interviewees for
the names of owners of other highly successful Travel Agents in Karachi [Best
Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies
in Multan for best services agencies).
While no new themes in fact emerged
after the first 14 interviews, the remaining five interviews were still
valuable as sources of data/pattern enrichment. Within the field of tourism
studies, grounded theory is increasingly being employed as a qualitative
antidote to the limitations of survey-based quantitative research (see for
example Decrop & Snelders, 2005; Han & Mills, 2006; Jennings, 2005;
Jordan & Gibson, 2004; Woodside, MacDonald, & Burford, 2004).
The external themes that emerged in
relation to threats to the sector are unfavorable public perceptions about
conventional Travel Agents in Multan [Best Travel agencies in Multan for best
services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies
in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services agencies,
disadvantageous relations with some vendors, and geopolitical and economic
uncertainty. Illustrative interview excerpts are provided, and the number
following each is referenced against the identifiers in Table 1. Threats are
described first because of the tendency of the interviewees to emphasize how
these same threats could also be perceived as opportunities and/or their
proclivity to follow up discussions of threats with thoughts as to what
opportunities could be pursued by way of mitigation.
Unfavorable Public Perceptions about
Conventional Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best
services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies
in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services Agencies
The internet:
There was consensus, not surprisingly,
that quality traditional Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in
Karachi for best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi
[Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best
services agencies provide value for money. However, this was accompanied by a
high level of concern that many consumers were gravitating to the Internet to
book their Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best
services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies
in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services under the
allegedly erroneous impression that it provides a more efficient and less
expensive means for doing so:
“The general public is under the
impression that you can find lower fares on the Internet, and I am not saying
that that is not always true, but most of the Internet sites that I have found
… they still pull from the same fares that we do.” (5)
“Our biggest challenge really is the
perception that there is not any value in using a Travel Agents in Karachi
[Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies
in Multan for best services agency.” (2)
“… every [study] has shown that the Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services agencies do a better job. But the perception by the public is that it's the opposite way around. So, we've got a big job ahead of us to make sure that, for the kinds of business that we want to do, that people understand that there's value there.” (12)
“… the biggest weakness still is perception
by the public.” (10)
“… perception is 90% reality, that the
Internet is cheaper.” (1)
The owners without exception did
concede that the Internet was useful for handling simple bookings such as a
single-leg airfare between two major airports:
“It is a threat on the low end
business; in fact, it has basically taken most of the low end business.” (4)
However, they were adamant that
traditional agents are far more efficient and cost-effective in arranging more
complex modes of Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for
best services] Agents in Multan, Best Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel
agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies in Multan for best services
experience. The success of the cybermediaries in attracting business was
attributed by several owners to effective marketing campaigns:
“They [the cybermediaries] get these people so addicted, almost like they're drugged, to the Internet that they convince these people that's the cheapest way to do it.” (17)
Unqualified
Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services]
agents
Public Services:
Negative
public perceptions were also seen to be caused by a proliferation of ‘Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agents’
with questionable credentials obtained through so-called ‘card mills’. The
latter are businesses that sell misleading identification cards and training
materials to individuals, giving the false impression that the purchaser is a
certified Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best
services] agent entitled to discounts, airline upgrades, and/or commissions
from Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best
services] suppliers that are normally reserved for legitimate Travel Agents in
Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agents (ASTA,
2005):
“The
only thing they want to do is Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in
Karachi for best services] at a discount – and if you go on some of these fam
[familiarization] trips where you have some of these people on them, it's a
whole different caliber. They're going for the wrong reasons … I don't think
they ought to be allowed to do that. I think it's a dishonest business.” (14)
“It's
the Mary Kay idea of ‘Come on board, and then go sell your family and friends,’
you know. And, that's not really fair because now you have somebody who is not
trained, who has no knowledge of the destination, who's not experienced –
probably hasn't even been to that destination – out there trying to sell their
family and friends on places to go and places to be …” (7)
Thus
the unsuspecting public is dealing with poorly trained and unprofessional Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agents
who are unlikely to hold any errors and omissions insurance or surety bonds
carried by professional Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in
Karachi for best services] agents to protect themselves, suppliers and clients
(Dickerson, 1997). Consumers who have bad experiences with such agencies are
attracted even more to the cybermediaries in so far as many associate this poor
quality of service with the Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in
Karachi for best services] agency sector in general. The long term consequences
are indicated in the following quote:
“…
in the short run it besmirches the reputation of all Travel Agents in Karachi
[Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agencies, and it dents our
professionalism, but in the long run, it will take those people that have been
burnt by those [unqualified] home-based agencies, and take them out of the Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services]ing
[through conventional agencies] pool …” (6)
The
owners felt that this problem could be overcome to some extent by ensuring that
the credentials of reputable agencies are clearly differentiated from those
associated with the card mills. However, this solution was thought to be
limited by the fact that most Americans are unfamiliar with Travel Agents in
Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agency-related
criteria, and more generally do not recognize agents as professionals in the
same sense as doctors, lawyers or engineers.
Mass
media coverage
Many
owners believe that the mass media contributes to negative public image,
sometimes directly through negative coverage of conventional agencies:
“The
main problem that we have as an industry is the perception that the new media
or the press continues to give us. They will never report a good story, they
will always report the negatives … do you ever hear anything really positive
about shopping at a Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi
for best services] agency?” (2)
This
sometimes involves on-line media coverage of the cybermediators:
“Well,
the media for one [is a threat]. It is just every time you hear anyone, any guru
out there is always talking about the Internet, it kind of writes us off.”
(4)More prevalent is indirect negative publicity generated by saturated and
sensationalist coverage of unusual events associated with strategically
critical suppliers such as the cruise lines. Examples include the 2006 Star
Princess cigarette fire which quickly spread smoke throughout the entire ship,
resulting in one fatality, another eleven passenger injuries, and damage to 150
cabins (Lim, 2006), the 70-foot high rogue wave which smashed into Norwegian
Caribbean Line's Norwegian Dawn on its return trip from the Bahamas (Lemire,
2005); and unexplained cruise passenger disappearances (Topham, 2007):
“Unfortunately,
you see 20/20 and somebody has pushed somebody off the back of a ship. And then
the poor guy at RCCL gets interviewed and they want to know why cruising is so
dangerous.” (4)
While
owners were referring mainly to traditional mass media outlets, several
mentioned the role of online Travel Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in
Karachi for best services] sites and blogs in conveying bad reviews of products
(e.g., hotels) that may or may not be warranted.
Failure
to attract the young
Many
of the owners were concerned that negative public perceptions were discouraging
promising young school-leavers and budding entrepreneurs from entering the Travel
Agents in Karachi [Best Travel agencies in Karachi for best services] agency
field, and that the industry was doing nothing to address this situation:
“There's
no new blood getting into the business …” (8)
“You
know, the young people are going to have to take over the industry. If we're
not trying to attract them, then there's not going to be anyone to do it.” (10)
One
owner implicated the higher education system for encouraging negative
attitudes:
“We
just recently hired a young girl from University ‘x’ who majored in Tourism and
Hospitality. Her professors gave her no hope for this particular job. You know,
go work for the hotels, go work for this, go work for that, but there is no future
here.” (2)
A
variant in this sub-theme is the belief that the few young ‘Gen-X and Y’
entrants who are attracted tend to lack enthusiasm, a strong work ethic, and
sense of commitment, which thereby threatens to erode the quality of the work
force and the capacity of agencies to become more successful and expand:
“If
we could get good personnel who would really stick with us, we'd be ten times
the size as we are now. We would be the biggest and the best going … we just
don't have the workforce to support it.” (15)
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